Shapie, M. N. M (1,2) & Rahim, A. (1)

1.Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor.

2. Pertubuhan Seni Gayung Fatani Malaysia

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the current case study was to describe the detailed activity that occurs during the fight time and comparison of each exponent of a silat olahraga. Video recording of 4 matches’ international silat olahraga bout was and notated for used to identify 14 different types of event performed by the 6 contestants as well as the start and end of action periods. Variables are exponent including blue or red and score. Comparison of each exponent for each match can be seen in the table provided. It revealed that each silat olahraga exponent performed differ profile of actions indicator. Actions used for both (blue and red) are described and explained briefly. The data showed that Malaysia more conquer overall 4 matches as it have higher tactical skills during matches.The data about the nature of the activity performed within fight periods can be combined with the analysis done by previous study to provide a detailed description of the demands of the sport and assist in the development of specific training programmed. The approach used here would be useful to apply to other sports whose work and rest periods have been investigated to give a greater understanding of the type and frequency of action within the work periods. The comparison of each exponent can be seen in the result.

INTRODUCTION

The requirement and prescription of training programmed for sport requires an understanding of the physiological requirements of the match. Various forms of time motion analyses have been used widely to estimate the nature of specific intermittent high intensity and low intensity activities as they relate to the energy requirements of team sports. Previous research notated the technique used in defensive and offensive movements such as in mixed-martial arts, boxing and Muay Thai. However, there is no research that specifically describes the activity involved in silat that specifically describes the activity that contributes to the physiological demands of this combat sport.

The nature of work periods within any combat sports depends on the frequency, volume and type of the activity being performed. The distribution of fight time and break time has been determined in international silat competition in the previous research, which indicated that 62.6% of the match is spent in fight time. In addition, a single match contains 30.0 mean action periods with on average 15.3s being performed with break periods averaging 8.4s. The work to rest ratio of 2:1 in silat might be misinterpreted if people count the action periods performed in silat in the same way as work periods in field games and racket sports are interpreted. The nature of “purposeful movement” in team games, rallies in racket sports and action periods in martial arts are very different. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to describe the detail activity that occurs during the fight time of a silat match, especially the profile of technical events.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Match analysis

A publicly available video recording of one female silat match from the national silat competition in Malaysia (National Sports Council, Malaysia) was used for the analysis. This was a female final match of class E of the 65-70kg weight category. Subsequent player motion analysis was carried out using a commercial sports performance analysis software package called Focus X2 (Elite Sport Analysis, Delgaty Bay, Scotland). The system was used to identify 14 different types of event performed by the two female contestants as well as the start and end action of periods.

Video sequences were repeated where necessary and the playback rate was reduced to 50% to allow accurate measurement of each offensive and defensive movement category. The video could be paused and played back frame-byframe for ease of use. Silat exponent motion was subjectively categorised by an experienced observational analyst for silat competition. Information could be entered into the computer system using a ‘Mouse’, via representation on the screen of the silat match, and specially designed screen functions for each exponent (red or blue), action and outcome for each activity. The timed list recorded in Focus X2 was exported for processing in excel (Microsoft Excel 2002, Microsoft Corporation, USA). The commencement and completion of each individual action period was recorded and the duration was calculated by spreadsheet programming allowing durations (differences between action period end and start times) to be computed. The frequency, mean duration and percentage of total time were subsequently calculated. An intra-operator reliability study of fights was undertaken to establish the reliability of the method.

Motion categories

Silat exponent’s motions were coded into 14 different types of categories and were defined as follows:

Punch:
The punch ‘tumbuk’ attack is done by a hand with a closed fist hitting the target. In silat punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch ‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to the exponent body’s [10].

Kick:

The kick ‘tendang / terajang’ is an attacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick ‘ tendang depan’, side-kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick ‘tendang lengkar’ [10].

Block:

The blocking movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose to block off or striking back at any attack [10].

Catch:

The catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to ob struct the opponent from carrying out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction. A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist is also forbidden. These regulations exist to protect the silat exponent’s.

Topple:

There are various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every fall is considered valid as long as the silat exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling or he is able to overpower the opponent whom he has brought down [10].

Sweep:

Swiping ‘sapuan’ involves attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground to unstabilise him and bring down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform this attacking movement either with his right or left leg, Hence, front sweep ‘sapuan depan’ is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an opponent’s front leg, while back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’ is carried out by swinging the leg backward to hit the back leg.

Evade/Dodge:

The evade ‘elakan’ technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his defensive movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’, ducking ‘susup’ and etc. [10].

Self-Release:

Self-release ‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an opponent [11].

Block and Punch:

The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the hand to punch the opponent.

Block and Kick:

The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent.

Block and Sweep:

The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent.

Fake Punch:

An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture.

Fake Kick:

An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive posture.

Others:

Both silat exponents are either in posture position ‘sikap pasang’ or coming close to each other using silat step pattern ‘pola langkah’.

All the activities are considered high intensity except for others which at that time both silat exponents are in low intensity periods.

Reliability of Observation

The author analysed all the activities and simultaneously classified each change of motion in a single match. Two observations were done separated by 48 hours. It requires experienced silat practitioners to analyse the data as the movement of both exponents is fast, needing close inspection. The classification of movement was subjective with work being classified according to the instruction given by the referee.

Statistical analysis

The observation generated data will be frequency counted, a method of recording in observational research in which the researcher records each occurrence clearly defined behaviour within a certain time frame [12]. All the raw data generated by the FOCUS System was exported into Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and then transferred into SPSS for more detailed analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Scientists, version 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). A chi square test of independence was used to determine if there was a similar profile of actions performed by the red and blue contestant in the match. An alpha level of (p<0.05) was taken to show statistical significant.

RESULTS

Table 1. Frequency of actions and outcomes recorded during a silat match

Actions	Outcome
Actions	Hit Elsewhere	Hit Target	Miss Opponent	Total
Block	0	0	0	0
Block and Kick	0	0	0	0
Block and Punch	0	0	0	0
Block and Sweep	0	0	0	0
Kick	9	64	25	98
Fake Kick	1	4	9	14
Punch	2	40	2	44
Fake Punch	2	1	0	3
Self-Release	0	3	0	3
Topple	1	17	25	43
Sweep	0	0	7	7
Scissor	1	2	15	18
Catch	0	37	4	41
Dodge	0	11	1	12
Total	16	189	88	293

(Pencak Silat Men’s Tanding class E 70kg category semifinals)

Singapore vs Malaysia (Malaysia Win)

INDICATOR	SINGAPORE	MALAYSIA
Punch hit target	4	4
Punch hit elsewhere	1	0
Punch miss opponent	0	0
Kick hit target	1	12
Kick hit elsewhere	1	0
Kick miss opponent	11	5
Sweep hit target	0	0
Sweep hit elsewhere	0	0
Sweep miss opponent	1	1
Topple hit target	1	5
Topple hit elsewhere	0	1
Topple miss opponent	2	2

FREQUENCY PROFILE

EXPONENT	PUNCH	KICK	SWEEP	TOPPLE	TOTAL
WINNERS	4	17	1	8	30
LOSER	5	13	1	3	22

CALCULATION FOR STANDARD DEVIATION AND MEAN

Paired Samples Test
		Paired Differences					t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	Lower	Upper
Pair 1	kick hit target winner - kick hit target loser	3.66667	1.15470	.66667	.79823	6.53510	5.500	2	.032
Pair 2	kick hit elsewhere winner - kick hit elsewhere loser	-.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.76755	1.10088	-1.000	2	.423
Pair 3	kick miss opponent winner - kick miss opponent loser	-2.00000	2.00000	1.15470	-6.96828	2.96828	-1.732	2	.225
Pair 4	punch hit target winner - punch hit target loser	.33333	2.08167	1.20185	-4.83781	5.50448	.277	2	.808
Pair 5	punch hit elsewhere winner - punch hit elsewhere loser	-.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.76755	1.10088	-1.000	2	.423
Pair 9	sweep miss opponent winner - sweep miss opponent loser	.00000	1.00000	.57735	-2.48414	2.48414	.000	2	1.000
Pair 10	topple hit target winner - topple hit target loser	1.33333	1.52753	.88192	-2.46125	5.12792	1.512	2	.270
Pair 11	topple hit elsewhere winner - topple hit elsewhere loser	.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.10088	1.76755	1.000	2	.423
Pair 12	topple miss opponent winner - topple miss opponent loser	.00000	1.00000	.57735	-2.48414	2.48414	.000	2	1.000

(Pencak Silat Men’s Tanding class E 70kg category finals)

Vietnam vs Malaysia (Malaysia Win)

INDICATOR	VIETNAM	MALAYSIA
Punch hit target	6	0
Punch hit elsewhere	1	0
Punch miss opponent	1	0
Kick hit target	7	12
Kick hit elsewhere	3	0
Kick miss opponent	5	0
Sweep hit target	0	0
Sweep hit elsewhere	0	0
Sweep miss opponent	1	2
Topple hit target	0	9
Topple hit elsewhere	0	0
Topple miss opponent	4	1

FREQUENCY PROFILE

EXPONENT	PUNCH	KICK	SWEEP	TOPPLE	TOTAL
WINNERS	0	12	2	10	24
LOSER	8	15	1	4	28

CALCULATION FOR STANDARD DEVIATION AND MEAN

Paired Samples Test
		Paired Differences					t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	Lower	Upper
Pair 1	kick hit target winner - kick hit target loser	1.66667	1.52753	.88192	-2.12792	5.46125	1.890	2	.199
Pair 2	kick hit elsewhere winner - kick hit elsewhere loser	-1.00000	1.00000	.57735	-3.48414	1.48414	-1.732	2	.225
Pair 3	kick miss opponent winner - kick miss opponent loser	-1.66667	.57735	.33333	-3.10088	-.23245	-5.000	2	.038
Pair 5	punch hit elsewhere winner - punch hit elsewhere loser	-.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.76755	1.10088	-1.000	2	.423
Pair 6	punch miss opponent winner - punch miss opponent loser	-.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.76755	1.10088	-1.000	2	.423
Pair 9	sweep miss opponent winner - sweep miss opponent loser	.33333	1.15470	.66667	-2.53510	3.20177	.500	2	.667
Pair 11	topple miss opponent winner - topple miss opponent loser	-.66667	1.52753	.88192	-4.46125	3.12792	-.756	2	.529

(Pencak Silat Men’s Tanding class H 85kg category semifinals)

Singapore vs Malaysia (Malaysia Win)

INDICATOR	SINGAPORE	MALAYSIA
Punch hit target	9	6
Punch hit elsewhere	0	0
Punch miss opponent	0	0
Kick hit target	0	12
Kick hit elsewhere	2	1
Kick miss opponent	0	2
Sweep hit target	0	0
Sweep hit elsewhere	0	0
Sweep miss opponent	1	0
Topple hit target	0	1
Topple hit elsewhere	0	0
Topple miss opponent	6	1

FREQUENCY PROFILE

EXPONENT	PUNCH	KICK	SWEEP	TOPPLE	TOTAL
WINNERS	6	15	0	2	23
LOSER	9	2	1	6	18

CALCULATION FOR STANDARD DEVIATION AND MEAN

Paired Samples Test
		Paired Differences					t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	Lower	Upper
Pair 1	kick hit target winner - kick hit target loser	4.00000	1.00000	.57735	1.51586	6.48414	6.928	2	.020
Pair 2	kick hit elsewhere winner - kick hit elsewhere loser	-.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.76755	1.10088	-1.000	2	.423
Pair 3	kick miss opponent winner - kick miss opponent loser	.66667	.57735	.33333	-.76755	2.10088	2.000	2	.184
Pair 4	punch hit target winner - punch hit target loser	-1.00000	1.00000	.57735	-3.48414	1.48414	-1.732	2	.225
Pair 9	sweep miss opponent winner - sweep miss opponent loser	-.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.76755	1.10088	-1.000	2	.423
Pair 10	topple hit target winner - topple hit target loser	.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.10088	1.76755	1.000	2	.423
Pair 12	topple miss opponent winner - topple miss opponent loser	-1.66667	.57735	.33333	-3.10088	-.23245	-5.000	2	.038

(Pencak Silat Men’s Tanding class H 85kg category finals)

Indonesia vs Malaysia (Malaysia Win)

INDICATOR	INDONESIA	MALAYSIA
Punch hit target	4	7
Punch hit elsewhere	1	0
Punch miss opponent	0	0
Kick hit target	5	15
Kick hit elsewhere	2	1
Kick miss opponent	1	1
Sweep hit target	0	0
Sweep hit elsewhere	0	0
Sweep miss opponent	0	1
Topple hit target	1	0
Topple hit elsewhere	0	0
Topple miss opponent	3	6

FREQUENCY PROFILE

EXPONENT	PUNCH	KICK	SWEEP	TOPPLE	TOTAL
WINNERS	7	17	1	6	31
LOSER	5	8	0	4	17

CALCULATION FOR STANDARD DEVIATION AND MEAN

Paired Samples Test
		Paired Differences					t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	Lower	Upper
Pair 1	kick hit target winner - kick hit target loser	3.33333	1.52753	.88192	-.46125	7.12792	3.780	2	.063
Pair 2	kick hit elsewhere winner - kick hit elsewhere loser	.00000	1.00000	.57735	-2.48414	2.48414	.000	2	1.000
Pair 3	kick miss opponent winner - kick miss opponent loser	.00000	1.00000	.57735	-2.48414	2.48414	.000	2	1.000
Pair 4	punch hit target winner - punch hit target loser	1.00000	2.00000	1.15470	-3.96828	5.96828	.866	2	.478
Pair 5	punch hit elsewhere loser - punch miss opponent winner	.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.10088	1.76755	1.000	2	.423
Pair 9	sweep miss opponent winner - sweep miss opponent loser	.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.10088	1.76755	1.000	2	.423
Pair 10	topple hit target winner - topple hit target loser	-.33333	.57735	.33333	-1.76755	1.10088	-1.000	2	.423

DISCUSSION

Pencak Silat is one of a game that famous in our country. This game is exceptionally intriguing in light of the fact that it includes an ability that was a mix of hand to hand fighting aptitudes, battling, and self-protection. The examination past is states that silat competitors tought to be extraordinary in both kicking and punching yet punching recurrence is lower than a kicking (M. M. Shapie et al., 2013). However, silat competitors should create punching ability speedier and precise in light of the fact that punching is the high rate effective of hitting target contrast with kicking expertise in rivalry (M. M. Shapie et al., 2013). Usually, silat competitor more like to hit opponent by kicking skill contrast with punching ability. While opponents do kick however it doesn't address the part of the body, it demonstrates that the opponent is feeling the loss of a kick that does not give any points to the opponent.

From the first match result Singapore vs Malaysia class E 70kg category in semifinals which Malaysia is winning this match, Malaysia used more kicking skill than Singapore. That is one of the reason why Malaysia got more point. Furthermore, Malaysia make less mistake that can deduct her point than Singapore. Besides kicking, Malaysia also do topple hit target to his opponent and both of the team equally make punch hit target. This is one of the different between winning and losing in silat olahraga. Competitor must wise to make strategy plan and technique during match (Wahab, 1989).

For the second match result which is Vietnam vs Malaysia class E 70kg category in finals which Malaysia is winning this match, what can I observed from the video is Vietnam do more attacking than Malaysia but they make a lot of mistake by hit elsewhere and miss opponent. As we can see from the result, Vietnam makes 6 times punch hit target, 7 times kick hit target but no topple toward his opponent. As we can see the sample paired test at the table above show, there are totally different between winning and losing. This observation for the winner while for the loser is Vietnam make less attacking during match. Malaysia gives more opportunity to Vietnam to make more attacking during match. In first round Vietnam do 3 times strike kicking towards Malaysia and it show that Vietnam is very fast make a movement and attack towards his opponent and also not even once give an opportunity towards Malaysia to make some movement. Malaysia just makes 12 times kick hit target and 9 times kick hit target towards his opponent for the whole match. During the low intensity activity both of the silat exponents were deemed to be performing low activity actions such as “sikap pasang” posture or coming close to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah”. Silat competitors must improve their fitness level to improve the performance (Fong & Ng, 2011).

The third match result which is Singapore vs Malaysia class E 85kg semifinals which is Malaysia winning on this match. From my observation, from the early match which is the first round, both exponent performing low activity actions such as sikap pasang or coming close each other using silat step pattern. Both exponents very slow to make some movement towards each other. As we can see from the video match, Malaysia playing aggressive in second and third round. Malaysia make 2 times topple down towards his opponent and one hit target while the other one miss opponent. The frequency profile shows that Malaysia do a lot of kick than Singapore. Singapore should make a strategy how to lead the point to win this match.

The fourth match result is Indonesia vs Malaysia class E 85kg finals which is Malaysia winning on this match. From my observation, from the early match which is the first round, both exponent performing low activity actions such as sikap pasang or coming close each other using silat step pattern. Both exponents very slow to make some movement towards each other. This pattern of playing is same when Malaysia is in semifinals. Malaysia make 6 times topple down towards his opponent but all of it miss his opponent. Besides, what makes Malaysia win the match, he kick hit the target 15 times towards his opponent. There is a different between winner and loser. Kick hit target down can get the higher point during match. Indonesia also tries but he only get 5 times hit the target.

CONCLUSION

According to the table 1 above, most of the actions that used by the exponent is kicking, while punch is second most used for the high intensity activity and others represents low intensity activity. The kicking always used by the exponent with 98 times kicking and punching is secondly used with 44 times. With many kicking and punches executed, the exponent lacking in blocking, sweeping, catching techniques, toppling down the opponent, sweeping and dodging the attack from the opponent.

Silat match can be analysed by using the hand notation indicators by recording and evaluate. This study supplied the knowledge for the silat by looking at the activity involved in competition. High intensity actions involved more than low intensity actions by the silat exponent. This is because, points are majorly contributed by doing the high intensity actions rather than low intensity actions such as kicking, punching and others. The frequency of attacking and defending also have a range by the exponent. The loser kicks more than the winner but the kicking target is off and not accurate to the points gain area. Although the winner kick less than the loser, the accuracy of the kick is clear to the target area. Furthermore, the winner also good at toppling down and catching which gives higher points to win the match. This shows the differences of variation in techniques and accuracy of the kicking between both exponent. This study is to provide knowledge on collecting detailed information in silat match to analysed the opponent or the athletes themselves to make a proper training plan to win the matches in next future.

REFERENCES

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M. M. Shapie, J. Oliver, P. O’Donoghue, & R. Tong. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts., 1(2), 81-86.

N. Shapie, J. Oliver, P. O'Donoghue, & R. Tong. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sport and Martial Arts, 4(1), 81-85.

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A. A. Wahab. (1989). Silat olahraga: The art, techniques and regulations: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.

Latiff, Z. A. (2012). Revisiting Pencak Silat: The Malay Martial Arts in Theatre Practice and Actor Training. Asian Theatre Journal 29(2), 379-401.University of Hawai'i Press. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from Project MUSE database.

Wilson, I. D. (2003). The politics of inner power: the practice of Pencak Silat in West Java (Doctoral dissertation, Murdoch University).

Aziz, A. R., Tan, B., & Teh, K. C. (2002). Physiological responses during matches and profile of elite pencak silat exponents. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1, 147-155.

Vincent, P., Nizan, M. S. M., & Julinamary, P. (2015). Motives of taking part in Malay Silat, Karate-Do and Taekwondo. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 15(3), 22-26.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGK1CSVk0qs&t=475s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltwEbsqToY0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L62CI3MJ-8A&t=80s

APPENDICES